Table of Contents
I. The National Headquarters: An Organizational and Strategic Analysis
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a towering figure in the landscape of American legal and political advocacy, operates from a national headquarters that serves as far more than an administrative office.
Located in the financial heart of New York City, this headquarters is the strategic nerve center for a nationwide enterprise dedicated to the defense of constitutional rights.
It is the central node from which the organization’s legal, political, financial, and communications strategies are coordinated and deployed across the United States.
An examination of its structure and functions reveals a highly sophisticated organization designed for maximum impact in both the courtroom and the corridors of power.
A. Location and Primary Contact Information
The definitive physical and mailing address for the ACLU’s national headquarters is 125 Broad Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10004.1
This location serves as the central office from which the national organization is managed and its nationwide initiatives are directed.
The organization maintains several key contact channels, reflecting a structured approach to communication.
The primary general office telephone number is (212) 549-2500.1
For inquiries specifically related to membership or donations, a separate toll-free number is provided: (888) 567-ACLU.1
Further contact information includes a fax number, (212) 549-2652, and specific email addresses for designated departments, such as
humanrights@aclu.org for human rights correspondence and media@aclu.org for national media inquiries.2
This differentiation of contact points underscores a departmentalized structure designed to efficiently handle a high volume of diverse communications.
Table 1: ACLU National Headquarters: Consolidated Contact and Operational Information
| Category | Detail | Source(s) |
| Physical & Mailing Address | 125 Broad Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10004 | 1 |
| General Office Phone | (212) 549-2500 | 1 |
| Membership & Donor Phone | (888) 567-ACLU | 1 |
| Fax Number | (212) 549-2652 | 2 |
| General Website | www.aclu.org | 2 |
| Key Email Contacts | humanrights@aclu.org (Human Rights Program) media@aclu.org (National Media) | 2 |
| Financial Operations | Gift Processing Department, 125 Broad Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10004 | 5 |
B. The Headquarters as a Financial and Operational Hub
The New York headquarters is the central processing point for the financial lifeblood of the organization.
All mailed financial contributions, such as checks, are directed to the “Gift Processing Department” at the 125 Broad Street address.5
This centralization ensures rigorous financial oversight and standardized processing for an organization that is funded by member dues and contributions from private foundations and individuals, receiving no government funding.6
A critical operational detail reveals a core element of the ACLU’s overarching strategy.
Donors are explicitly instructed to designate whether their gift is intended for the “American Civil Liberties Union” or the “American Civil Liberties Union Foundation”.5
This is not a minor bureaucratic distinction; it is fundamental to the ACLU’s ability to operate across the full spectrum of advocacy.
U.S. tax law, specifically under the Internal Revenue Code, places significant restrictions on the amount of direct lobbying that can be conducted by 501(c)(3) charitable organizations, a category that includes the ACLU Foundation.
Donations to these entities are generally tax-deductible for the donor.
In contrast, 501(c)(4) social welfare organizations, the category of the American Civil Liberties Union itself, are permitted to engage in substantial lobbying activities.
Donations to the ACLU are explicitly not tax-deductible, reflecting this political advocacy function.6
By maintaining this dual-entity structure, the ACLU has engineered a system that maximizes both its fundraising potential and its political influence.
It can solicit tax-deductible gifts through the Foundation to fund its extensive litigation and public education work, appealing to a wide base of philanthropists and foundations.
Simultaneously, it can channel non-deductible contributions given to the Union toward aggressive lobbying efforts in Congress, managed by its Washington Legislative Office, and in state legislatures across the country.6
This financial architecture also supports its growing investment in direct political action, including the 2024 launch of its first political action committee, the ACLU Voter Education Fund.8
The fact that this critical financial sorting is managed at the national headquarters demonstrates that the dual structure is a deeply integrated operational strategy, allowing the ACLU to simultaneously function as a premier legal defender in the courts and a formidable political force in the legislative arena.
II. The Constitutional Mandate: Mission, Core Principles, and Historical Foundations
The strategic decisions made at the 125 Broad Street headquarters are guided by a philosophical and historical bedrock that has remained remarkably consistent for over a century.
The ACLU’s work is animated by an unwavering mission to defend and expand the promises of the U.S. Constitution, a mission it has pursued through a century of profound social and political change.
A. The Enduring Mission
The ACLU’s mission is stated with clarity and ambition: “to realize this promise of the United States Constitution for all and expand the reach of its guarantees”.9
It positions itself as the “nation’s guardian of liberty,” dedicated to working in courts, legislatures, and communities to preserve the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee to every person in the country.6
A core component of this mission is a steadfast commitment to non-partisanship.
The organization’s motto, “The ACLU dares to create a more perfect union — beyond one person, party, or side,” underscores this principle.9
This commitment is not merely rhetorical; the ACLU has a documented history of forming coalitions with both conservative and progressive groups on issues ranging from government surveillance to First Amendment rights.7
It acts on the principle that no one, including the President, is above the law, and it stands on its principles “regardless of the repercussions”.10
B. The Principle of Unpopular Speech
Perhaps the most defining—and often most controversial—tenet of the ACLU’s mission is its resolute defense of free expression for all, including highly unpopular and controversial groups.
The organization has frequently been called upon to explain its defense of entities such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Nation of Islam, and the National Socialist Party of America.6
The rationale for this defense is rooted in a strategic, forward-looking principle: “Once the government has the power to violate one person’s rights, it can use that power against everyone”.6
The ACLU argues that historically, the rights of those holding the most extreme or controversial opinions are the first to be threatened.
By defending the principle of free speech universally, it aims to prevent the erosion of civil liberties before it can spread to the general populace.
This principle was famously put to the test in 1978 when the ACLU defended the right of neo-Nazis to march in Skokie, Illinois, a community with a large population of Holocaust survivors.11
This commitment continues into the present day, as evidenced by the organization’s recent representation of the National Rifle Association (NRA) in a free speech case before the U.S. Supreme Court.8
C. Historical Trajectory and Landmark Engagements
The ACLU’s identity is inextricably linked to its storied history as a central actor in America’s most significant civil liberties battles.
Founded in New York City in 1920 by Roger Baldwin and a small group of idealists, the organization was forged in the crucible of the Palmer Raids, a series of government actions targeting suspected radicals and immigrants.11
From this origin, the ACLU has been at the forefront of legal and social change for more than a century.
The organization’s evolution can be seen as a continuous adaptation to the most pressing civil liberties challenges of each era.
While the core mission has remained constant, the specific battlegrounds have shifted.
The ACLU’s early work focused on classic First Amendment issues, such as academic freedom in the 1925 Scopes “monkey” trial and fighting censorship to permit the importation of books like James Joyce’s Ulysses.12
In the mid-20th century, its focus expanded significantly to include racial justice, playing a role in the landmark
Brown v.
Board of Education decision of 1954, and championing due process rights, which led to Supreme Court decisions establishing the right to counsel for indigent defendants and barring the use of illegally obtained evidence.11
The turn of the 21st century marked another major strategic pivot.
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which occurred just one week after current Executive Director Anthony d+. Romero took office, thrust the ACLU into a new fight against perceived government overreach in the name of national security.8
The organization became a leading opponent of the Patriot Act, warrantless government spying, and the indefinite detention of suspects at Guantánamo Bay.11
Today, the organization’s priorities reflect the challenges of the contemporary era, with a strong focus on emerging threats from Artificial Intelligence (AI), the fight for trans justice, protecting digital privacy, and defending the rights of immigrants.6
This ability to constantly assess the socio-political landscape and recalibrate its strategic focus is a testament to the dynamic nature of the leadership at its headquarters and is fundamental to the ACLU’s enduring relevance.
Table 2: A Century of Civil Liberties: Timeline of Landmark ACLU Engagements
| Year(s) | Event / Case | Significance | Source(s) |
| 1920 | Palmer Raids | The ACLU is founded in response to government raids and deportations of immigrants and activists. | 11 |
| 1925 | Scopes Trial | Defended science teacher John T. Scopes for teaching evolution, championing academic freedom. | 11 |
| Late 1930s | Jehovah’s Witnesses Case | Defended the right of children to refuse to salute the flag on religious grounds. | 12 |
| 1942 | Japanese American Internment | Fought against the forced internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. | 11 |
| 1954 | Brown v. Board of Education | Played a role in the landmark Supreme Court case that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. | 11 |
| 1960s | Due Process Rights | Involved in cases establishing the right to counsel for poor defendants and the exclusionary rule against illegal searches. | 12 |
| 1973 | Roe v. Wade | Involved in securing the constitutional right to abortion. | 11 |
| 1978 | Skokie March | Defended the free speech rights of a neo-Nazi group to march in Skokie, Illinois, upholding the principle of content-neutral speech protection. | 11 |
| Post-2001 | “War on Terror” Litigation | Vigorously opposed the Patriot Act, challenged warrantless NSA spying, and fought indefinite detention policies. | 8 |
| Present | Contemporary Issues | Focus on trans justice, reproductive freedom, immigrants’ rights, digital privacy, voting rights, and threats from AI. | 6 |
III. Governance and Leadership: The Directorate at 125 Broad Street
The strategic direction and explosive growth of the modern ACLU are products of the leadership and governance structure housed within its national headquarters.
A professionalized executive team, led by a long-tenured director and overseen by a national board, sets the course for the entire organization.
A. The Executive Directorate: The Romero Era
Anthony d+. Romero has served as the Executive Director of the ACLU since September 2001, making him the longest-serving head of the organization since its founder, Roger Baldwin, stepped down in 1950.8
His tenure is notable not only for its length but for the transformative period it has overseen.
Taking the helm just seven days before the 9/11 attacks, Romero was immediately tasked with guiding the ACLU through one of the most challenging periods for civil liberties in modern American history.
He is the sixth executive director in the organization’s history and the first Latino and openly gay man to hold the position.8
Under Romero’s leadership, the ACLU has experienced unprecedented expansion, described as a “twelvefold” growth that has built the organization into a “legal, political and advocacy juggernaut”.8
This period has been characterized by aggressive legal and political action, including filing 434 legal actions during the first Trump Administration alone.8
Romero has overseen a significant scaling of the ACLU’s political programs, culminating in the launch of its first political action committee in 2024 and winning ballot referenda to protect abortion rights for millions.8
The data suggests a symbiotic relationship between national crisis and the ACLU’s institutional growth during the Romero era.
The organization’s supporter base expanded from over 500,000 in the early 21st century to 1.1 million, and then surged to over 4 million members, activists, and supporters.6
This exponential growth correlates strongly with periods of intense public concern over government policies, such as the post-9/11 “war on terror” and the policies of the Trump administration.
Romero’s leadership appears to have successfully channeled public anxiety from these moments into organizational fuel—in the form of members, donations, and activists.
The strategic decision to professionalize the political advocacy arm of the organization and launch a PAC demonstrates a conscious effort to harness this mass support for direct political engagement, evolving the organization’s model well beyond its traditional litigation focus.
The modern ACLU, as shaped from its New York headquarters, is an institution forged in and structured for an era of high-stakes political conflict, tying its growth and influence directly to the presence of perceived threats to constitutional liberty.
B. The Senior Leadership Team
The national headquarters houses a deeply professionalized senior leadership team with clearly defined roles, reflecting a structure more akin to a major corporation than a small non-profit.
This structure enables the organization to manage its complex, multi-faceted strategy.
Anthony Romero, as Executive Director, is supported by a cadre of senior staff who oversee the core functions of the organization.13
Key positions on this team include a Deputy Executive Director for Operations and General Counsel (Terence Dougherty), a Deputy Executive Director for Strategy & Culture (AJ Hikes), a Chief Communications and Marketing Officer (Kriston Alford McIntosh), a Chief Political and Advocacy Officer (Deirdre Schifeling), and a National Legal Director (Cecillia Wang).13
This team is further supported by a host of other senior leaders responsible for crucial areas such as development, technology, policy, and equity and inclusion, indicating a sophisticated division of labor required to run a multi-million-member organization with a national footprint.13
C. Governance and Oversight
Ultimate authority and oversight for the ACLU rest with its National Board of Directors and the ACLU, Inc. Executive Committee.14
As of January 2025, the President of the organization is
Deborah Archer, who also chairs the Executive Committee.14
The governance structure ensures representation from across the ACLU’s federated network, with the National Board composed of both at-large members and designated representatives from the state affiliates, including individuals from states such as Arkansas, Maryland, Montana, and Texas.14
This structure provides a formal mechanism for integrating state-level perspectives into national strategy and policy-making.
In the official list of officers, Anthony Romero holds the title of Chief Executive Officer, while Terence Dougherty is listed as Assistant Secretary, underscoring their central roles in the organization’s formal governance.14
Table 3: Key National Leadership at the ACLU (as of July 2025)
| Name | Title | Area of Responsibility | Source(s) |
| Deborah Archer | President | Head of the National Board of Directors and Executive Committee. | 14 |
| Anthony D. Romero | Executive Director / Chief Executive Officer | Overall strategic direction, growth, and management of the national organization. | 8 |
| Terence Dougherty | Deputy Executive Director for Operations and General Counsel | Oversees organizational operations and serves as general counsel. | 13 |
| Cecillia Wang | National Legal Director | Directs the ACLU’s national legal program and litigation strategy. | 13 |
| Deirdre Schifeling | Chief Political and Advocacy Officer | Leads the organization’s lobbying, political, and advocacy efforts. | 13 |
| Kriston Alford McIntosh | Chief Communications and Marketing Officer | Manages the ACLU’s public profile, messaging, and marketing. | 13 |
| Kary L. Moss | Director of Affiliate Support & Nationwide Initiatives | Coordinates and supports the network of 50+ state affiliates. | 13 |
| Mark Wier | Chief Development Officer | Leads fundraising and development efforts for the organization. | 13 |
IV. A Unified Front: The National-Affiliate Command Structure
The ACLU’s immense reach and effectiveness are rooted in a carefully balanced organizational model that combines the strategic direction of a national headquarters with the local knowledge and agility of a nationwide network of affiliates.
This structure is not a simple top-down hierarchy but a federated system that allows the organization to fight for civil liberties on multiple fronts simultaneously.
A. The Nationwide Network
The ACLU is a truly nationwide organization, with a “50-state network of staffed affiliate offices” that covers all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, d+.C..6
In total, there are 53 or 54 such affiliates.7
These affiliates are not mere branch offices; they are established, semi-autonomous entities with their own histories, leadership, and local priorities.
For example, the ACLU of Southern California was established in 1923, just three years after the national organization, while the ACLU of Michigan was founded in 1959.7
These affiliates are led by their own Executive Directors, such as
Chandra Bhatnagar in Southern California and Loren Khogali in Michigan, who are responsible for guiding the work within their respective jurisdictions.15
This structure allows the affiliates to be the front-line defenders of civil liberties, filing “thousands of cases every year” in communities across America and responding to issues specific to their states.10
B. The Role of the National Headquarters in Supporting Affiliates
The national headquarters at 125 Broad Street functions as the coordinating hub for this extensive network.
This role is formalized through the senior staff position of Director of Affiliate Support & Nationwide Initiatives, held by Kary L.
Moss.13
This indicates a deliberate strategy of providing centralized support and resources rather than top-down micromanagement.
This structure facilitates a clear division of labor.
For instance, the ACLU of the District of Columbia handles local d+.C.
matters but explicitly directs all national or congressional media inquiries to the national ACLU’s media office.4
This allows the affiliates to focus on state and local courts and legislatures, while the national office concentrates on federal issues, Congress, and the Supreme Court.
The integration is further solidified at the governance level, where the National Board of Directors includes designated Affiliate Representatives, ensuring that the voices and concerns of the state-level organizations are woven into the fabric of national strategic planning.14
This federated model is a source of profound institutional resilience; a legal or political setback in one state or at the federal level does not cripple the organization’s ability to press forward on dozens of other fronts.
C. The Washington Legislative Office
A key component of the ACLU’s national apparatus, distinct from the New York headquarters, is the Washington Legislative Office.6
The specific function of this office is to lobby the U.S. Congress.
Its staff works to advance bills that protect or expand civil liberties and to defeat legislation that threatens them.
This office is the primary vehicle for the ACLU’s direct influence on federal policy-making and represents the most explicit manifestation of the organization’s political advocacy work.
It operates in tandem with the legal work directed from New York and the grassroots mobilization of its supporters to apply pressure on the federal government from multiple angles.
V. The ACLU in Action: A Multi-Pronged Strategy for Defending Liberty
To execute its constitutional mandate, the ACLU employs a sophisticated, multi-pronged strategy orchestrated by its national leadership and carried out by its staff and volunteers across the country.
This approach has evolved significantly over time, moving from a primary reliance on the courts to a fully integrated model of litigation, political advocacy, and public mobilization.
A. Strategic Litigation
The use of the courts remains the ACLU’s signature method and historical foundation.
The organization’s legal strategy is two-fold: it initiates test cases designed to challenge the constitutionality of a law or government practice, and it intervenes in existing cases by filing amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs to provide expert legal analysis on civil liberties issues.12
The Scopes trial is a classic example of an ACLU-backed test case.12
The organization’s legal prowess is widely recognized; it appears before the U.S. Supreme Court more frequently than any other private organization, second only to the U.S. Department of Justice.6
This immense legal workload is shouldered by hundreds of staff attorneys and thousands of volunteer attorneys, forming a formidable legal army dedicated to constitutional defense.11
B. Political Advocacy and Lobbying
The ACLU’s leadership operates on the understanding that “the defense of America’s core liberties cannot rely on the courts alone”.6
Consequently, the organization engages in robust political advocacy and direct lobbying.
Through its Washington Legislative Office, it pressures members of Congress, while its state affiliates perform the same function in state houses across the country.6
This work is amplified by leveraging its massive supporter base.
The organization’s website and communications frequently feature calls to action, urging supporters to send messages to their elected officials on specific policies, such as bills related to government surveillance or the use of federal agents in cities.9
This direct political engagement represents a strategic belief that lasting change requires shaping the laws themselves, not just challenging them after the fact.
C. Public Education and Mobilization
The third pillar of the ACLU’s strategy is public education and mass mobilization.
The organization uses “strategic communications to engage supporters on the most pressing civil liberties issues of our time”.6
This includes large-scale public education efforts, like the “Freedom to Be” campaign, which uses storytelling and art to build support for transgender rights.9
The most significant development in this area is the cultivation of a base of over 4 million members, activists, and supporters.6
This transformation from a relatively small group of idealists and lawyers into a mass-membership organization has fundamentally altered its power.
This base provides not only the financial resources to sustain its work but also the grassroots political power to influence public opinion and hold elected officials accountable.
This evolution from an elite legal advocate to a mass mobilization force is perhaps the most important strategic shift in the ACLU’s modern history.
It reflects a new theory of change where victory requires winning not only in the court of law, but also in the court of public opinion and at the ballot box.
VI. Contemporary Battlegrounds and the Future Trajectory
The ACLU of the 21st century, directed from its headquarters in New York, is an organization postured for proactive defense against a complex array of modern and future threats to civil liberties.
Its current priorities and public stance reveal an institution that has fully embraced its role as a permanent, institutionalized counterweight to government power.
A. Current Strategic Priorities
The ACLU’s contemporary agenda is focused on a wide spectrum of issues where civil liberties intersect with technology, identity, and state power.
The organization’s leadership has identified several key battlegrounds that command its resources and attention.
These include:
- Immigrants’ Rights: Challenging deportation campaigns and fighting for the rights of non-citizens.9
- Trans Justice and LGBTQ+ Rights: Vigorously defending the rights of transgender people against discriminatory laws, including those targeting gender-affirming care and student rights.6
- Reproductive Freedom: Continuing the decades-long fight to protect and expand access to abortion and reproductive healthcare.6
- Racial Justice: A systemic campaign to address racial inequality and end mass incarceration.6
- Voting Rights: Defending the integrity and accessibility of the democratic process.9
- Digital Privacy: Establishing new protections for the digital age against widespread government surveillance.6
- Emerging Threats: Proactively addressing the potential for technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) to exacerbate inequality and infringe on civil rights.9
B. Posture of Proactive Defense
The organization’s public posture is not one of passive response but of active, perpetual vigilance and readiness for conflict.
This is evident in the language it uses, framing its work as a constant struggle against powerful forces seeking to trade freedom for security.10
This posture has been institutionalized under its current leadership.
Having filed 434 legal actions during the first Trump Administration, Executive Director Anthony Romero has publicly “vowed to do the same, if necessary, during President Trump’s second term,” signaling a readiness to engage any administration, regardless of party.8
The ACLU explicitly states its commitment to holding “Democratic and Republican leaders alike accountable to the Constitution”.8
This stance represents the institutionalization of the “counter-punch.” The ACLU has evolved from a reactive watchdog into a proactive “juggernaut” that is structurally and financially prepared for sustained opposition to perceived government overreach.8
This strategic positioning ensures the organization’s continued relevance and funding in a polarized political climate.
By defining itself as the permanent opposition to any and all threats to the Constitution, the ACLU headquarters has cemented its role not merely as a defense league, but as the command center for a highly mobilized, well-funded, and permanent force in American political and legal life.
This culmination of its century-long evolution defines its trajectory for the future.
Conclusion
The American Civil Liberties Union national headquarters at 125 Broad Street, New York City, is demonstrably more than the administrative address of a non-profit organization.
It is the strategic core of one of the most influential legal and political advocacy organizations in the United States.
The analysis of its functions, leadership, and structure reveals a sophisticated and highly adapted institution engineered for resilience and impact.
The headquarters manages a complex dual-entity financial structure that strategically separates its tax-deductible educational and litigative activities from its non-deductible political lobbying, maximizing its capacity in both arenas.
From this central hub, the leadership of Anthony d+. Romero has overseen a period of unprecedented growth, transforming the ACLU into a mass-mobilization force with over four million supporters.
This growth has been skillfully leveraged to expand the organization’s influence from its traditional base in the courts into a formidable power in legislative advocacy and direct political action.
Governed by a national board that integrates state-level perspectives, the headquarters directs a federated network of affiliates, a model that provides both national cohesion and local agility.
This structure allows the ACLU to simultaneously address constitutional battles in state courts, state legislatures, the U.S. Congress, and the Supreme Court.
The organization’s strategic approach is a comprehensive, three-pronged assault on perceived injustices, combining elite strategic litigation, aggressive political lobbying, and broad-based public mobilization.
Ultimately, the ACLU headquarters commands an institution that has institutionalized its role as a permanent counterweight to governmental power.
Forged in the crises of the 20th century and scaled for the conflicts of the 21st, the ACLU has evolved from a small group of idealists into a legal and political juggernaut.
Its history demonstrates a remarkable capacity for adaptation, and its current structure, resources, and strategic posture indicate that it is positioned to remain a central and combative player in the ongoing contest over the meaning and application of American liberty.
Works cited
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- About the ACLU | American Civil Liberties Union, accessed on August 8, 2025, https://www.aclu.org/about/about-aclu
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- American Civil Liberties Union | The ACLU dares to create a more perfect union — beyond one person, party, or side. Our mission is to realize this promise of the United States Constitution for all and expand the reach of its guarantees., accessed on August 8, 2025, https://www.aclu.org/
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